Book Review: Dreadnought

With Dreadnought Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War, Robert K. Massie succeeds where few authors could. He has written an insightful and engaging volume that captures the personalities of all of the key players while fitting them exactly into the bigger picture. Indeed, Massie's character sketches are in many ways the highlight and the key to this book and to understanding Europe's tragic path to war.

It should go without saying that this was not my first exposure to the causes of the Great War; in fact a class I took a few years ago devoted several lectures to the conflict's origins as an example of why rigid alliance structures and arms races are inherently dangerous. But where such theoretical explanations fail (and this is my primary criticism of political science as a discipline) is that they fundamentally underestimate the human element. Essentially, Massie suggests that without Kaiser Wilhelm II (or at least with a Kaiser that was more like his liberal-minded parents and less like his authoritarian Iron Chancellor) there would be no war. Too often, it was the insecure, egotistical, meddling, short-sighted Kaiser - motivated in part by a sense of German inferiority and jealousy of Great Britain - that pushed Europe to the brink. Whether it was his pursuit of a great navy, an expensive diversion for a nation whose power had always been land-based, or colonies as an object of national pride and a justification for that navy, Wilhelm was badly misguided.

Exacerbating the Kaiser's personality were many other members of his government who were equally motivated. To some degree one might include Bismarck in this category, though there remains a critical caveat: Bismarck had a grand vision and an understanding of other nations' capacity for bullying, humiliation, etc. that allowed him to remain fully in control of the situation so long as he remained in power and the ruling Hohenzollern did not meddle. Indeed in some way, Bismarck comes across as a tragic figure who should not be seen as the origin of the Great War (though too often fingers are pointed at him).

Massie also does an admirable job of illustrating various attempts to defuse tensions (the Haldane Mission and the Naval Holiday being two pertinent examples), too often derailed by Germany for one reason or another.

Finally he also paints a picture of a bygone era. A British society still ruled by the landed gentry whose ministers socialized at country house parties every weekend and who often came to office more out of duty than ambition while social change produced a powerful middle class, represented in the halls of power by men like Joe Chamberlain. A Europe where all of the rulers were related - Wilhelm II was the grandson of Britain's Queen Victoria, and nephew of Edward VII.

Dreadnought is by no means a brief read, but is insightful and rewarding. If you've got a week ( or two or three) free, it's well worth your time.

[No I haven't read this 900+ page tome in its entirety since I posted a review of Freakonomics a few days ago]